{"id":4202,"date":"2026-03-24T23:15:07","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T23:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/dfd-for-beginners-guide-system-visualization\/"},"modified":"2026-03-24T23:15:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T23:15:07","slug":"dfd-for-beginners-guide-system-visualization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/dfd-for-beginners-guide-system-visualization\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u: Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o m\u00e3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 DFD, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 DFD l\u00e0 g\u00ec, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc gi\u00fap c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u00f4n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

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\"Line<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc xe (\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n); b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec3m ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn. DFD l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD? \ud83d\ude80<\/h3>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

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  • R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>N\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u.<\/li>\n
  • Giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch:<\/strong>N\u00f3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng, ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 nhau, s\u1ebd \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec3u sai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng logic kinh doanh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a DFD \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ecdi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng logic n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn) \ud83c\udf0d<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i’ cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t API b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
    • K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
    • Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 g\u1eedi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i) \u2699\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ‘c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c’ di\u1ec5n ra. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

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      • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> T\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng, x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp, t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp danh s\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n
      • K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n.<\/li>\n
      • Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb) \ud83d\udcbe<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m trong ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, nh\u1eadt k\u00fd t\u1ed3n kho, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
        • K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song.<\/li>\n
        • Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf gi\u1eefa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          4. D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (S\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n) \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i.<\/p>\n

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          • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
          • K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u: Ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \ud83c\udfa8<\/h2>\n

            C\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 logic l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th>\nYourdon & DeMarco<\/th>\nGane & Sarson<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf (c\u1ea1nh)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            C\u1ea3 hai phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic thay v\u00ec h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

            M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 chi ti\u1ebft \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng to. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n r\u00e3\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng\u201d. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

            1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0) \ud83c\udfaf<\/h3>\n

            \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng:<\/strong>To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p \u0111en duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/li>\n
            • Chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              2. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u1ea5p 1 \ud83e\udde9<\/h3>\n

              \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
              • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p cao.<\/li>\n
              • Chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong> Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u1ea5p 2 (v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n) \ud83d\udd0d<\/h3>\n

                C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 3, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 4, v.v., cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng:<\/strong> Logic c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh con.<\/li>\n
                • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                • Chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong> C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  R\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng\u201d. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 1 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea7u ra, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con \u1edf c\u1ea5p 2 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                  L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. B\u1ea1n hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang ngay t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83d\udea7<\/h3>\n

                  Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng; m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \ud83d\udc65<\/h3>\n

                  Ai t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng? H\u00e3y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ch\u00fang ra. H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n

                  Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u201cT\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o\u201d.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc8<\/h3>\n

                  K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb7t nh\u00e3n cho m\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Th\u00eam c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                  X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. V\u1ebd c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u (\u0111\u1ecdc\/vi\u1ebft).<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: Xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh \ud83d\udd0e<\/h3>\n

                  Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ed7i. C\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng? S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng? L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                  Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n

                  Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy hi\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Lu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i sang kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/li>\n
                  • Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                  • L\u1ed7 \u0111en:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng. M\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                  • Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5:<\/strong> Tr\u00e1nh g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n cho m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d. H\u00e3y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n. D\u00f9ng \u201cT\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d thay v\u00ec \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u201cS\u1ed1 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d thay v\u00ec \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin\u201d.<\/li>\n
                  • Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t DFD theo d\u00f5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7nh. Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd m\u0169i t\u00ean cho “B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh” hay “D\u1eebng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh”. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                  • Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 7 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u00e3y ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    DFD so v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83c\udd9a<\/h2>\n

                    Hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (nh\u00e1nh C\u00f3\/Kh\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi “Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?”<\/li>\n
                    • DFD:<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb logic quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hay v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi “D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u?”<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng tin, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng DFD.<\/p>\n

                      C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                      \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

                      \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

                      Lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb-danh t\u1eeb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • T\u1ed1t:<\/strong> X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp, T\u00ednh Thu\u1ebf, C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt Kho h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
                      • X\u1ea5u:<\/strong> \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp, Thu\u1ebf, Kho h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                        S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • T\u1ed1t:<\/strong> Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp, T\u00ednh to\u00e1n thu\u1ebf, S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
                        • X\u1ea5u:<\/strong> Th\u00f4ng tin, D\u1eef li\u1ec7u, Th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                          \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho kho d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ean t\u1ec7p v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • T\u1ed1t:<\/strong> T\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, Danh m\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n
                          • X\u1ea5u:<\/strong> Table1, DB_Backup, File_A.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \ud83d\udcbc<\/h2>\n

                            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                            1. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/h3>\n

                            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1edbt web \u0111\u1ebfn thanh to\u00e1n. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb trang \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kho h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

                            2. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y t\u1ebf<\/h3>\n

                            Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i an to\u00e0n gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea7y ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

                            3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/h3>\n

                            \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ban kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                            \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                            \u0110\u1eebng mong b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

                            Khi m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu, h\u00e3y c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Khi m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, h\u00e3y v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                            T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                            \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i logic c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n
                            • T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ranh gi\u1edbi:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
                            • Duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha.<\/li>\n
                            • Ghi nh\u00e3n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean hay m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n.<\/li>\n
                            • L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i:<\/strong>S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh khi b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh doanh hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ea1n su\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                              B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf. Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, v\u00e0 th\u1eed v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho n\u00f3. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 xem s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                              H\u00e3y nh\u1edb, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u. Ch\u00fac b\u1ea1n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 vui v\u1ebb! \ud83c\udfa8\u2728<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o m\u00e3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 DFD, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 DFD l\u00e0 g\u00ec, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc gi\u00fap c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u00f4n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83e\udd14 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi di chuy\u1ec3n. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc xe (\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n); b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec3m ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn. DFD l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD? \ud83d\ude80 C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a n\u00e0y: R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:N\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Giao ti\u1ebfp:N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch:N\u00f3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng, ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 nhau, s\u1ebd \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec3u sai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng logic kinh doanh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. B\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a DFD \ud83e\uddf1 M\u1ecdi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng logic n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec. 1. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn) \ud83c\udf0d C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i’ cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t API b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng. Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 g\u1eedi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 2. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i) \u2699\ufe0f C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ‘c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c’ di\u1ec5n ra. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea7u ra. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: T\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng, x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp, t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp danh s\u00e1ch. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n. Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec. 3. B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb) \ud83d\udcbe C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m trong ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, nh\u1eadt k\u00fd t\u1ed3n kho, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song. Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf gi\u1eefa. 4. D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (S\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n) \ud83d\udd04 C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:M\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n. Phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u: Ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4203,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef hay thi\u00ean v\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[77,83],"class_list":["post-4202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dfd","tag-academic","tag-dfd"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. 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