{"id":4184,"date":"2026-03-25T10:24:39","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T10:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/how-to-read-a-dfd-guide-for-software-engineers\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T10:24:39","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T10:24:39","slug":"how-to-read-a-dfd-guide-for-software-engineers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/how-to-read-a-dfd-guide-for-software-engineers\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tham gia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, v\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnhc\u00e1ch<\/em>m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec DFD minh h\u1ecda\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec<\/em>d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m quen nhanh h\u01a1n, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n t\u1eeb hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DFD, th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ea5y l\u1ed7i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khung th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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\"A<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n hay th\u1eddi gian. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, th\u00ec DFD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t DFD, b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n

    Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u:<\/strong> C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o:<\/strong> C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u:<\/strong> C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdc DFD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng. Trong DFD ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh thoi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 theo th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc DFD m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

    		\n

    H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

    		\n

    Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

    		\n

    V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean, API b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Quy tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    T\u00ednh thu\u1ebf, x\u00e1c minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, t\u1ec7p nh\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \n

    D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    M\u0169i t\u00ean<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng\u201d), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cNh\u1eadt k\u00fd kho h\u00e0ng\u201d), t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n theo m\u0169i t\u00ean.<\/p>\n

    Th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 DFD \ud83e\ude9c<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, DFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac theo th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n thu nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f3ng to h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic c\u1ea5p cao ho\u1eb7c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0)<\/h3>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bong b\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 hay c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m, bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n n\u00ean xem \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    2. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0 (Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng)<\/h3>\n

    C\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y chia bong b\u00f3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p cao gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau.<\/p>\n

    3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 chi ti\u1ebft h\u00f3a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2 \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1. Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng theo th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/strong>. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra l\u00e0 \u201cBi\u00ean lai\u201d, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cBi\u00ean lai\u201d. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83e\udded<\/h2>\n

    Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t DFD cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, \u0111\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ghi nh\u1edb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p theo d\u00f5i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u sai logic.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n

      B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi.<\/strong>T\u00ecm c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: \u201cAi \u0111ang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y?\u201d N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/strong>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cY\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp\u201d. Theo d\u00f5i m\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 theo m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp theo ho\u1eb7c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1eebng nh\u1ea3y qua l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3; h\u00e3y theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/strong> V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i b\u1ecdt quy tr\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y h\u1ecfi: ‘Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?’ Li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ra v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic kh\u00f4ng? V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 ‘T\u00ednh Chi\u1ebft kh\u1ea5u’, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o bao g\u1ed3m ‘Gi\u00e1’ v\u00e0 ‘Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean’. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: X\u00e1c minh C\u00e1c Kho D\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc (lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c ghi (lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra), tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng. M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1t ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ‘b\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc’, trong khi m\u1ed9t kho ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ‘ngu\u1ed3n’.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Ki\u1ec3m tra C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c minh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 0 cha. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp nhau kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu quy tr\u00ecnh cha n\u00f3i ‘Nh\u1eadn \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng’, th\u00ec quy tr\u00ecnh con c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ‘\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng’. N\u1ebfu quy tr\u00ecnh con l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn ‘Thanh to\u00e1n’ thay v\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn v\u0129 m\u00f4 sang g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn vi m\u00f4, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n C\u00e1c L\u1ed7i M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh H\u00f3a Ph\u1ed5 Bi\u1ebfn \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD). L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

      1. H\u1ed1 \u0110en<\/h3>\n

      H\u1ed1 \u0111en x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ‘X\u1eed l\u00fd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng’ nh\u1eadn ‘M\u1eabu \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp’ nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea7u ra n\u00e0o cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng logic b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n

      2. K\u1ef3 Di\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

      K\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed1 \u0111en. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea7u ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o. L\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ‘B\u00e1o c\u00e1o B\u00e1n h\u00e0ng’ m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u B\u00e1n h\u00e0ng’? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

      3. H\u1ed1 X\u00e1m<\/h3>\n

      L\u1ed7i n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 ‘T\u00ednh Thu\u1ebf’ nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 ‘\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng’ v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra l\u00e0 ‘T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1’, th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ra kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c lu\u1ed3ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

      4. Giao nhau c\u1ee7a Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

      Trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean giao nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu hai lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u giao nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111i ngang qua nhau. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 giao nhau l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c k\u00e9m. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

      5. Lu\u1ed3ng Kh\u00f4ng Nh\u00e3n<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n. M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i dung d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa Kho D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Quy tr\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy xu\u1ea5t. ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u’ kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 n\u00ean l\u00e0 ‘Danh s\u00e1ch Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng’ ho\u1eb7c ‘Token Phi\u00ean Ho\u1ea1t’. C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

      Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

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      • \n

        Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/em>. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (n\u1ebfu\/else) v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ‘Vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ti\u1ebfp theo?’ M\u1ed9t DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em>. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u?’<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        L\u00f4gic so v\u1edbi D\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Trong m\u1ed9t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh thoi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong m\u1ed9t DFD ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t DFD gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a logic nh\u00e1nh b\u00ean trong quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        Th\u1eddi gian:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 theo th\u1eddi gian. DFD th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t DFD kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm logic ki\u1ec3u ‘n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u kia’, h\u00e3y xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 gi\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm n\u01a1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, h\u00e3y xem DFD.<\/p>\n

        \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udcbc<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc DFD kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

        1. Ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>Khi tham gia m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c DFD. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thao t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ec9 ghi v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

        2. G\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1:<\/strong>Khi m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, DFD s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n truy v\u1ebft h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng ‘C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u1ed3 s\u01a1’ tr\u00ean DFD. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap thu h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gian t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

        3. Thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong>Khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u DFD, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap tinh ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

        4. T\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac microservices, DFD l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng API. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 A t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 B. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p do \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec DFD<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1eabn h\u1eefu \u00edch theo th\u1eddi gian, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh sau. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

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          Gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i DFD b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u mang t\u00ednh logic. ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng’ t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ‘Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ean’.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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          S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ‘Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng’ trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng’ trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 li\u00ean quan. Tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 ‘Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng’ ho\u1eb7c ‘Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng’ tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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          C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, DFD c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 0 n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 7 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, b\u1ea1n trang b\u1ecb cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

          Khi b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. DFD v\u1eabn l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. N\u00f3 d\u1ea1y b\u1ea1n suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. T\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng sang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac API v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. C\u00e0ng theo d\u00f5i nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ef1c quan h\u01a1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Tham gia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, v\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnhc\u00e1chm\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec DFD minh h\u1ecda\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ecd\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m quen nhanh h\u01a1n, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n t\u1eeb hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DFD, th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ea5y l\u1ed7i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khung th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n hay th\u1eddi gian. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, th\u00ec DFD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t DFD, b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u: C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u: C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u: C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdc DFD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng. Trong DFD ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh thoi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 theo th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd0d \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc DFD m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng V\u00ed d\u1ee5 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt Ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean, API b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba Quy tr\u00ecnh H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra T\u00ednh thu\u1ebf, x\u00e1c minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, t\u1ec7p nh\u1eadt k\u00fd D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u M\u0169i t\u00ean H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng\u201d), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cNh\u1eadt k\u00fd kho h\u00e0ng\u201d), t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n theo m\u0169i t\u00ean. Th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 DFD \ud83e\ude9c C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, DFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac theo th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n thu nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f3ng to h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic c\u1ea5p cao ho\u1eb7c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. 1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0) S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bong b\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 hay c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m, bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n n\u00ean xem \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. 2. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0 (Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng) C\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4185,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc DFD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. 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