{"id":4176,"date":"2026-03-25T14:56:54","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T14:56:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/create-data-flow-diagram-dfd-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T14:56:54","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T14:56:54","slug":"create-data-flow-diagram-dfd-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/create-data-flow-diagram-dfd-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1eeb \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn To\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7c T\u1ea1o S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 D\u00f2ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 D\u00f2ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c DFD hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi hay ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 logic \u0111\u1eb1ng sau vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

\n
\"Chalkboard-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 D\u00f2ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 D\u00f2ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1ed1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u? V\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c DFD l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00edch \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t DFD h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o (nh\u01b0 Yourdon\/DeMarco hay Gane\/Sarson). Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Ngu\u1ed3n\/\u0110\u00edch):<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cdi\u1ec5n vi\u00ean\u201d trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
  • Quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. M\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n
  • Kho D\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p tin ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh, kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
  • Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    B\u1ea3ng sau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th>\nCh\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/th>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o<\/th>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/td>\nB\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng<\/td>\nC\u00f3 (ho\u1eb7c Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m thu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\nBi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nC\u00f3<\/td>\nC\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kho D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nGi\u1eef l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nC\u00f3 (Ghi)<\/td>\nC\u00f3 (\u0110\u1ecdc)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nV\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n r\u00e3\u201d. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0)<\/h3>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d<\/p>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ee9c 1<\/h3>\n

    Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf. N\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ee9c 2 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee9c 4 cho c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    M\u1ee9c<\/th>\nTr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/td>\nRanh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh)<\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, Ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    M\u1ee9c 1<\/td>\nC\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh (3-9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh)<\/td>\nNh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    M\u1ee9c 2 tr\u1edf l\u00ean<\/td>\nC\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\nCao (Logic chi ti\u1ebft)<\/td>\nL\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean, Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Quy tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng; b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/h3>\n

    B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ban t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y; h\u00e3y gi\u1eef ch\u00fang ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cQu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cC\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n\u201d. Tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. G\u1eafn nh\u00e3n cho h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m neo c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf B\u01b0\u1edbc 1.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh. G\u1eafn nh\u00e3n cho t\u1eebng m\u0169i t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao. Thay v\u00ec ghi \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d, h\u00e3y ghi \u201cChi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d. T\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1eaft nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1, thay h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u quy tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng\u201d. K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Th\u00eam kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh sau ho\u1eb7c cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u00f3. Nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ghi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: X\u00e1c minh b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eebng quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ed1 \u0111en\u201d. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cph\u00e9p m\u00e0u\u201d. C\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u2705<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t DFD l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u khi \u0111\u1ecdc, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh. Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb-danh t\u1eeb cho c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d). S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m danh t\u1eeb cho lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d) v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu\u1ebf\u201d).<\/li>\n
    • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 0. C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 l\u00e0 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2 d\u01b0\u1edbi 1.0 l\u00e0 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00e9o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft nhau:<\/strong>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft nhau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cg\u1eadp\u201d ho\u1eb7c u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u xung quanh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2. Kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng:<\/strong>Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con. N\u1ebfu quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 1.0 nh\u1eadn \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, th\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2 cho 1.0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y s\u1edbm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n so v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 ‘B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u’ hay ‘D\u1eebng’ nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n
      • Lu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c:<\/strong>Trong m\u1ed9t DFD ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf gi\u1eefa x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng logic h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      • Lu\u1ed3ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n
      • Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc xem m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thay v\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
      • Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        DFD so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

        R\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn DFD v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3<\/th>\nTr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/th>\nD\u00f9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nS\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin<\/td>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, Logic qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng<\/td>\nLogic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c (N\u1ebfu X, th\u00ec Y), th\u00ec DFD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. DFD kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi, ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn DFD tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

        Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 theo th\u1eddi gian \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

        H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t DFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3. Khi c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y ghi ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3:<\/strong>L\u00ean l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 DFD c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Khi m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
        • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft DFD v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t module c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, h\u00e3y tham chi\u1ebfu ID module \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ma tr\u1eadn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

          H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft. Khi b\u1ea1n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

          Gi\u1eef t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, m\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 D\u00f2ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c DFD hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi hay ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 logic \u0111\u1eb1ng sau vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 D\u00f2ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83e\udde0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 D\u00f2ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1ed1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u? V\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00e1c DFD l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i Th\u00edch \ud83e\udde9 \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t DFD h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o (nh\u01b0 Yourdon\/DeMarco hay Gane\/Sarson). Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Ngu\u1ed3n\/\u0110\u00edch): \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cdi\u1ec5n vi\u00ean\u201d trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Quy tr\u00ecnh: \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. M\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Kho D\u1eef li\u1ec7u: \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p tin ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh, kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u: \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin. B\u1ea3ng sau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y: Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u Kh\u00f4ng C\u00f3 (ho\u1eb7c Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m thu) Quy tr\u00ecnh Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u C\u00f3 C\u00f3 Kho D\u1eef li\u1ec7u Gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u C\u00f3 (Ghi) C\u00f3 (\u0110\u1ecdc) D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u V\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc9 C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n r\u00e3\u201d. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0) S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ee9c 1 Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf. N\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ee9c 2 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee9c 4 cho c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4177,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. 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