{"id":4172,"date":"2026-03-25T16:15:40","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T16:15:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/dfd-depth-context-to-level-1\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T16:15:40","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T16:15:40","slug":"dfd-depth-context-to-level-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/dfd-depth-context-to-level-1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u DFD: C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DFD l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea5p cao xu\u1ed1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 chi ti\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n r\u00e3, b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

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\"Cartoon<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc DFD \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c DFD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1eb3ng; ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i theo th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xem x\u00e9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00eam t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0):<\/strong> M\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1:<\/strong> L\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u00f3 chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 2:<\/strong> Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 1, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh sang c\u1ea5p 1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa nhu c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u chi ti\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u00e1 cao, n\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh: Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83d\udea7<\/h2>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 DFD. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong> Ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00f2ng ban ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
    • Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi<\/h3>\n

      X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01a1 quan thu\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00f2ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
      • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean lu\u1ed3ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cG\u1eedi h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d).<\/li>\n
      • Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

        Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chia m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 chia nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5; m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 logic n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n r\u00e3<\/h3>\n

        Khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p 0 sang c\u1ea5p 1, c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p l\u00fd:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee9ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean ch\u1ee9a t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 quy tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p 1 cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c chia s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
        • T\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a:<\/strong>T\u00ean quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb-Danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          S\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 1.<\/p>\n

          N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u201cM\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh m\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 0, tr\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          Khi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

          H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. H\u1ecfi: Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng? Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh bong b\u00f3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1.<\/p>\n

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          • C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
          • C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
          • C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng<\/h3>\n

            K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng m\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Lu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh sang quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
            • Lu\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
            • Lu\u1ed3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sang m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

              Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef khi kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

              Khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
              • Tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ‘l\u1ed7 \u0111en’ n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o kho nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ra ngo\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ‘ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u’ n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ra kh\u1ecfi kho nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p l\u1ed7i khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD). Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu n\u00e0y s\u1edbm gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c minh.<\/p>\n

                1. L\u1ed7 \u0111en<\/h3>\n

                L\u1ed7 \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang b\u1ecb ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                2. Ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u<\/h3>\n

                Ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec. M\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                3. Lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n

                S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c d\u1eebng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cN\u00fat B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n\u201d). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cY\u00eau c\u1ea7u B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d). DFD kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n logic m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                4. Lu\u1ed3ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/h3>\n

                \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sau khi v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1.<\/p>\n

                So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

                B\u1ea3ng sau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh (c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0)<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/td>\nC\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/td>\nT\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u1ea5p cao<\/td>\nPh\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/td>\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nT\u1eadp con ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                X\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

                Sau b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p ban \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Xem x\u00e9t b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p:<\/strong>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                • X\u00e1c minh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan:<\/strong>\u0110i qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh. H\u1ecfi xem c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
                • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
                • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cY\u00eau c\u1ea7u mua h\u00e0ng\u201d \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u00e2ng cao cho \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

                  Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DFD, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u0111i s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n

                  Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/h3>\n

                  Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc chung n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chung:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kinh doanh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.<\/li>\n
                  • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00ean v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n cu\u1ed9n.<\/li>\n
                  • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 7 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2 ri\u00eang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                    C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p lu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c quan. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u giao \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111i ngang qua, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                    Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/h3>\n

                    Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong quy tr\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u), h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

                    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1eebng quy tr\u00ecnh. Bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ea7u ra v\u00e0 logic c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cN\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 < 0, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n\u201d).<\/li>\n
                    • T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p.<\/li>\n
                    • Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh, h\u00e3y cung c\u1ea5p ch\u00fa th\u00edch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      T\u00f3m t\u1eaft quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                      Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh sang c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9p; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                      • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
                      • \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/li>\n
                      • Th\u00eam c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef.<\/li>\n
                      • X\u00e1c minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DFD l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea5p cao xu\u1ed1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 chi ti\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n r\u00e3, b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc DFD \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f C\u00e1c DFD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1eb3ng; ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i theo th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xem x\u00e9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00eam t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0): M\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1: L\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u00f3 chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 2: Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 1, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh sang c\u1ea5p 1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa nhu c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u chi ti\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u00e1 cao, n\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh: Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83d\udea7 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 DFD. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i: Ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00f2ng ban ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u ra. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01a1 quan thu\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00f2ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m duy nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean lu\u1ed3ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cG\u1eedi h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft \ud83d\udcc9 Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chia m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 chia nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5; m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 logic n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 Khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p 0 sang c\u1ea5p 1, c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic. B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd. S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p l\u00fd:C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kho h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy tr\u00ecnh:M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee9ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean ch\u1ee9a t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 quy tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p 1 cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c chia s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a:T\u00ean quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb-Danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 1. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u201cM\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh m\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh. 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