{"id":4156,"date":"2026-03-26T07:55:17","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T07:55:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/hidden-power-dfds-software-requirements\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T07:55:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T07:55:17","slug":"hidden-power-dfds-software-requirements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/hidden-power-dfds-software-requirements\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, m\u00e0 do c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u1ea3y th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, hay DFD, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan, gi\u00fap n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1ed1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin. Ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ra sao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ra sao. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec<\/em>sangd\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/em>.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a DFD. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

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\"Marker-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng DFD v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t DFD g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt):<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, c\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng; ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d. M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf):<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef khi kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (m\u0169i t\u00ean):<\/strong> Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i th\u00f4ng tin, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    T\u1ea1i sao DFD l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \ud83d\udca1<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. M\u1ed9t DFD cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin duy nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng gian. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 logic. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu.<\/li>\n
    • Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong> Khi c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. DFD gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u00e3.<\/li>\n
    • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t DFD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i (c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/li>\n
    • H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y.\u201d<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00fd do kinh doanh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c DFD \ud83d\udcc8<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

      1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0)<\/h3>\n

      \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf trung t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ai?\u201d<\/p>\n

      2. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD m\u1ee9c 1<\/h3>\n

      \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. M\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

      3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD m\u1ee9c 2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00eam th\u00e0nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ebb\u201d, \u201cN\u1ea1p t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i khi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t module ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0m duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD: M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ghi l\u1ea1i logic m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong>Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. H\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan: \u201cAi g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng? Ai nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng?\u201d<\/li>\n
      • B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bao quanh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
      • B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      • B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi n\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m quy t\u1eafc DFD. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n
      • B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      • B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: X\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a DFD \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y s\u1edbm s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Sai l\u1ea7m<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\nS\u1eeda ch\u1eefa<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        Sinh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u1edb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/td>\nM\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c kho ch\u1ee9a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (n\u1ebfu\/else) thay v\u00ec lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t logic; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cha.<\/td>\nXem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ma qu\u00e1i<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u00f3.<\/td>\nLo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Lu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/td>\n\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

        R\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o s\u1ebd gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n). S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ‘Vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ti\u1ebfp theo?’. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u?’.<\/li>\n
        • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Use Case UML:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Use Case th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Use Case x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh *ai* l\u00e0m g\u00ec; s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh *d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o*.<\/li>\n
        • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD):<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng). S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 hai; s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh logic.<\/li>\n
        • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i theo d\u00f5i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0110ang ch\u1edd sang \u0110\u00e3 giao). S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo d\u00f5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu \u00edch trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • T\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb cho c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 ‘Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng’ \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ‘Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng’ \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1. Kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ‘\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng’ hay ‘Th\u00f4ng tin mua h\u00e0ng’ tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
          • Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 7 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
          • Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh giao nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u201cb\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
          • M\u00e3 m\u00e0u:<\/strong>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 phong c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ra so v\u1edbi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan nhanh ch\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc khi in m\u00e0u \u0111en tr\u1eafng.<\/li>\n
          • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem DFD nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Ghi ch\u00fa phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
          • X\u00e1c minh theo t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. H\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p s\u1edbm. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t r\u1ebb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a DFD trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a DFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ma tr\u1eadn truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. T\u00ednh truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.<\/p>\n

            Khi b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t DFD, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n m\u1ed9t ID duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh P1.0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u REQ-001. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ID qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u00e0o logic d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

            \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ed3i quy. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cT\u00ednh l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, DFD s\u1ebd cho \u0111\u1ed9i QA bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o (S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n g\u1ed1c) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra (Ti\u1ec1n l\u00e3i thanh to\u00e1n) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 DFD, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            T\u00edch h\u1ee3p DFD v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh Agile hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9i cho r\u1eb1ng DFD qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Agile. H\u1ecd th\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. DFD ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Agile n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Sprint:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft kho \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n
            • C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tinh ch\u1ec9nh:<\/strong>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem DFD \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
            • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Thay v\u00ec vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng, DFD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c quan. N\u00f3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c trang v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Xem x\u00e9t n\u00e2ng cao: T\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

              M\u1ed9t DFD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n D\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n D\u1eef li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

              V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n \u201cNg\u00e0y sinh\u201d tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u201cYYYY-MM-DD, ISO 8601, C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ed7ng\u201d. S\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 DFD v\u00e0 T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n D\u1eef li\u1ec7u, r\u1ee7i ro sai l\u1ec7ch ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

              H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sau cho T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n D\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • T\u00ean ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Nh\u00e3n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>S\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean, Chu\u1ed7i, Boolean, Ng\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i:<\/strong>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i \u0111a ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1eabu nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email.<\/li>\n
              • Ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>N\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn:<\/strong>N\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u2705<\/h2>\n

                H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong logic tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra.<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i. Khi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, h\u1ecd \u0111ang x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n sang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u0129nh. N\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Gi\u1eef cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n t\u1eeb chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c truy\u1ec1n sai h\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, m\u00e0 do c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u1ea3y th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, hay DFD, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan, gi\u00fap n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1ed1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin. Ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ra sao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ra sao. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m g\u00ecsangd\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a DFD. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83e\udde9 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng DFD v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t DFD g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt): Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, c\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng; ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n): M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d. M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf): \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef khi kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (m\u0169i t\u00ean): Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i th\u00f4ng tin, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i sao DFD l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \ud83d\udca1 C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. M\u1ed9t DFD cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin duy nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng gian. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:C\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 logic. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p: Khi c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. DFD gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng: M\u1ed9t DFD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i (c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 giao ti\u1ebfp:C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y.\u201d Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c:M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00fd do kinh doanh. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c DFD \ud83d\udcc8 C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. 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