{"id":4136,"date":"2026-03-26T17:25:48","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T17:25:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/dfd-in-a-nutshell-beginner-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T17:25:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T17:25:48","slug":"dfd-in-a-nutshell-beginner-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/dfd-in-a-nutshell-beginner-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"DFD trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan: \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ea7u ra, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DFD l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"Chalkboard-style educational infographic explaining Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) for beginners: shows the 4 core components (External Entities, Processes, Data Stores, Data Flows), three decomposition levels (Context\/Level 0, Level 1, Level 2), essential naming and balancing rules, DFD vs Flowchart comparison, and a quick-start checklist - all presented in hand-written chalk style with colorful annotations on a dark green chalkboard background\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/dfd-beginners-guide-chalkboard-infographic.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83e\udded<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1ed1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, DFD ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<em>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi n\u00f3?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L\u00e0m r\u00f5 ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong>Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Khi b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a DFD \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h3>1. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \ud83e\uddd1\u200d\ud83d\udcbc<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, C\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ho\u1eb7c C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi sai.<\/p>\n<h3>2. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \ud83d\udd01<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c logic ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>T\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n, x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o, x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 v\u00e0 g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0<strong>l\u1ed7 \u0111en<\/strong>ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t<strong>ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u<\/strong>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc2<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin, m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, T\u1eadp tin t\u1ed3n kho, T\u1eadp tin ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h3>4. D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin. M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n, Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4i l\u01a1 l\u1eedng gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean giao nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0<strong>ph\u00e2n r\u00e3<\/strong>. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n ph\u00f3ng to v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0) \ud83c\udf0d<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong> Ranh gi\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>Th\u1ea5p. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>T\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD m\u1ee9c 1 \ud83d\udd22<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>Trung b\u00ecnh. Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD m\u1ee9c 2 \ud83d\udd22<\/h3>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>Cao. Logic chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>M\u1ee9c<\/th>\n<th>Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/th>\n<th>\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/td>\n<td>Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>M\u1ee9c 1<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh<\/td>\n<td>3 \u0111\u1ebfn 7<\/td>\n<td>Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>M\u1ee9c 2<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5<\/td>\n<td>Bi\u1ebfn<\/td>\n<td>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc logic. Vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 sai v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean k\u00e9m l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb-Danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>T\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 <em>\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>Th\u00f4ng tin \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i <em>T\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 <em>H\u1ed3 s\u01a1<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 \u00edt ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc theo d\u00f5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n<h3>2. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \ud83c\udfaf<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 sang c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quy t\u1eafc:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0 nh\u1eadn <em>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, th\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn <em>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vi ph\u1ea1m:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L\u1ee3i \u00edch:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n r\u00e3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha.<\/p>\n<h3>3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/h3>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y sang kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf gi\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sai:<\/strong> Kho A \u2192 Kho B.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u00fang:<\/strong> Kho A \u2192 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u2192 Kho B.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t logic hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Tr\u00e1nh v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p While ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD), ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean quay l\u1ea1i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng quay l\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong>M\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 quay l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u1eeda:<\/strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y: Hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\n<th>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD)<\/th>\n<th>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/td>\n<td>Di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>Logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/td>\n<td>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m (h\u00ecnh thoi)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<td>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Th\u1eddi gian<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1<\/td>\n<td>Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/td>\n<td>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\n<td>Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<em>\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec<\/em>x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<em>c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c<\/em>h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp theo, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u1ed1i m\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<h2>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u270d\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u; gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u00fat ch\u00ec c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 nhau cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa. Th\u00eam c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i xung quanh n\u00f3. V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong> Chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u00eam c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng:<\/strong> X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u1edbp nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i:<\/strong> \u0110i qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lu\u1ed3ng ma:<\/strong> C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nowhere. M\u1ed7i lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong> C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trang. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 7 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n:<\/strong> Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c logic if-then b\u00ean trong h\u1ed9p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Gi\u1eef logic ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh; t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> G\u1ecdi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u201cChi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ecf qua kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc5<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong> Khi thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong> Khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o:<\/strong> Khi d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00f4ng ty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Khi kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh hay n\u00fat b\u1ea5m. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o giao di\u1ec7n cho UI.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c:<\/strong> C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u giao n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, h\u00e3y c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Ghi ch\u00fa tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong> L\u00ean l\u1ecbch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro sai s\u00f3t trong c\u00e1c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt sau n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o, v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m cho \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<h2>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb \ud83c\udf93<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm v\u1eefng b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i\u2014C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, Quy tr\u00ecnh, Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u2014b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, duy tr\u00ec quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy t\u1eafc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 lu\u1ed3ng \u1ea3o v\u00e0 logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. V\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ea7u ra, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DFD l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83e\udded S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1ed1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, DFD ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi n\u00f3? C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD bao g\u1ed3m: L\u00e0m r\u00f5 ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Khi b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a DFD \ud83e\uddf1 \u0110\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. 1. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \ud83e\uddd1\u200d\ud83d\udcbc C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, C\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ho\u1eb7c C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n:Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:Ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi sai. 2. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \ud83d\udd01 C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c logic ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:T\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n, x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n:Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:Ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o, x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 v\u00e0 g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ra. M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0l\u1ed7 \u0111enho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9tph\u00e9p m\u00e0u, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. 3. Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc2 C\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin, m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, T\u1eadp tin t\u1ed3n kho, T\u1eadp tin ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n:Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:Ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c theo th\u1eddi gian. D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 4. D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04 C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin. M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n, Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n:C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4137,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[77,83],"class_list":["post-4136","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dfd","tag-academic","tag-dfd"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. 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