{"id":4096,"date":"2026-03-27T23:48:46","date_gmt":"2026-03-27T23:48:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/dfd-myths-busted-data-flow-modeling\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T23:48:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T23:48:46","slug":"dfd-myths-busted-data-flow-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diagrams-ai.com\/vn\/dfd-myths-busted-data-flow-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 DFD b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 tan: B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh, \u00edt kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh doanh v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 DFD l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i lu\u1ed3ng logic. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sai l\u1ec7ch, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi hay ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\n
\"Kawaii-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

1. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: DFD so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n

Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn hai th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch<\/em>h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, thay v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec<\/em>d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3<\/strong>t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i logic trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong>t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u.<\/li>\n
  • Lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/strong>l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 (v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh if-then).<\/li>\n
  • Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong>l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a DFD (\u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong DFD, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. DFD kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng trong DFD, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    2. Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m: DFD x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u274c<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng DFD gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Khi xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t n\u00fat qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n), m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi: ‘\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e2y?’ DFD kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong DFD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p \u0111en. N\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hay quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch thu nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5p m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

    Logic s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi DFD \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 logic b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
    • B\u1ea3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
    • M\u00e3 gi\u1ea3:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a logic v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. N\u00f3 che khu\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u2013 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a DFD. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. D\u00e0nh DFD cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

      3. Suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m: Th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng \u23f1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xem m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh b\u00ean tr\u00e1i x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy tr\u00ecnh b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai.<\/p>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u0129nh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y.<\/li>\n
      • T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y.<\/li>\n
      • Th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
      • M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u0129nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao DFD r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd theo l\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t DFD, d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

        4. Suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m: Chi ti\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u00ec ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

        C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o ra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 chi ti\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a m\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n’ m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

        Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n r\u00e3<\/strong>l\u00e0 then ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (m\u1ee9c 0), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ee9c 1, r\u1ed3i m\u1ee9c 2, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf. M\u1ed7i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang quan t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

        Quy t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n r\u00e3<\/h3>\n
          \n
        1. M\u1ee9c 0 (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh):<\/strong>M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
        2. M\u1ee9c 1:<\/strong>C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
        3. M\u1ee9c 2:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 nh\u00e9t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

          5. Suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m: M\u00e0n h\u00ecnh giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 DFDs \ud83d\udcf1<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh, n\u00fat b\u1ea5m v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. D\u00f9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o giao di\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i DFD.<\/p>\n

          DFD theo d\u00f5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea3nh. M\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea5p chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0o n\u00fat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh. DFD quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp\u201d), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00fat h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

          Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a DFD \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

          \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. M\u1ed9t DFD ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th>\nH\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng<\/th>\nCh\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/th>\nHi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\nNgu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\nCho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n<\/td>\nChuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td>\nCho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf<\/td>\nNh\u1eefng n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef khi kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>\nCho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c t\u1eadp tin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\nS\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\nCho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u2705<\/h2>\n

          Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u treo:<\/strong>M\u1ecdi d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • L\u1ed7 \u0111en:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
          • Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
          • C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5 tung:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp tin tr\u00ean \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u logic. M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt l\u00fd, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00e9o nhau:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau l\u00e0m cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 DFD l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n coi DFD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            Khi DFD ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf qua y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu DFD cho th\u1ea5y lu\u1ed3ng “\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng” \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn kho “T\u1ed3n kho”, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu DFD kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a sai.<\/p>\n

            H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng DFD kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic s\u1ebd ng\u0103n b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 giao d\u1ecbch. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y trong chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

            T\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            V\u1eady th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby n\u00e0y? H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/h3>\n

            Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ban n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n

            T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 0. \u0110\u1eb7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf trung t\u00e2m. V\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Ghi nh\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “M\u1eabu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u”, “Bi\u00ean lai thanh to\u00e1n”).<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

            Chia nh\u1ecf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. Ch\u00fang n\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “X\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng”, “C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1ed3n kho”, “T\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o”). \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Th\u00eam kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

            X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho. K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c kho n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/h3>\n

            \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 0, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ea5p 1. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i logic.<\/p>\n

            Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u sai \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

            T\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng? Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u sai DFD kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • B\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu ranh gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n
            • Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai, c\u00e1c API s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
            • Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt:<\/strong> C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
            • \u0110i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edbm c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. B\u1ecf qua \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a DFD\u2014t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ecf qua logic v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc\u2014b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kinh doanh v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

              Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

              Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng logic.<\/p>\n

              Khi b\u1ea1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, DFD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong logic v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i giao ti\u1ebfp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. M\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111ang l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

              H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111ang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic thay v\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111ang nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111ang qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng? Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u00e0 lu\u00f4n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh, \u00edt kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh doanh v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 DFD l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i lu\u1ed3ng logic. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sai l\u1ec7ch, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi hay ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. 1. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: DFD so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83e\udd14 Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn hai th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1chh\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, thay v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ecd\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i logic trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7ut\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. Lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3nl\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 (v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh if-then). Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7ul\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a DFD (\u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong DFD, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. DFD kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng trong DFD, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. 2. Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m: DFD x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u274c M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng DFD gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Khi xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t n\u00fat qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n), m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi: ‘\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e2y?’ DFD kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong DFD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p \u0111en. N\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hay quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch thu nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5p m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Logic s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi DFD \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 logic b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. B\u1ea3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh:\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u00e3 gi\u1ea3:\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a logic v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. N\u00f3 che khu\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u2013 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a DFD. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. D\u00e0nh DFD cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 3. Suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m: Th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng \u23f1\ufe0f Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xem m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh b\u00ean tr\u00e1i x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy tr\u00ecnh b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u0129nh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n: Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y. T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y. Th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u0129nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao DFD r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd theo l\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t DFD, d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. 4. Suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m: Chi ti\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u00ec ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n \ud83d\udcc9 C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o ra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 chi ti\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a m\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n’ m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n r\u00e3l\u00e0 then ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (m\u1ee9c 0), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4097,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 tan: Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ng\u1eebng \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00f2. H\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u00f3c t\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[77,83],"class_list":["post-4096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dfd","tag-academic","tag-dfd"],"yoast_head":"\nNh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 tan: Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ng\u1eebng \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00f2. H\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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